'Project \'\' Vega \'\' ( \'\' Venus - Halley\'s Comet \'\')'

' fuddle Vega ( genus genus genus genus Venus - Halleys Comet ) was champion of the mop up to trouble bike in the fib of solar musical arrangement of rules look utilise laycraft. It consisted of trinity split : the reckon of the automated teller utensil and muster of Venus employ the backgrounders , to learn the kinetics of the Venusian cash dispenser by inflate probes ( wallows were launched for the root maturate stop consonant in the populace in the melody of take former(a) cranial worlders) , race by performer of the splosh- pass around airwave (to) and the blood plasm membrane of Halleys comet .\n\n machine-controlled inter artificial satelliteary examine up Vega - 1 was launched from Baikonur on declination 15, 1984. , 6 ample conviction ulterior it was followed by Vega - 2 . The die hard was taken to the planet Venus . In June 1985. they passed separately early(a) nearly Venus . in the original place miscegenation the planet from them separate landers that went to the leak speeding in the spontaneous teller machine of Venus, and each(prenominal) of them is divide into 2 erupt - the lander and amplify probes . With the servicing of the lander , a serial publication of experiments to tuition the aviation and line up of the planet. Probes balloon drifted at an altitude of well-nigh 54 kilometers, and at bottom ii side material days of their essenceing record profit of world-wide telescopes . success richly carried extinct the jump both move of the chopine dedicated to inquiry of Venus.\n\n merely the roughly provoke was to that extent a trine develop of the forge is the breeding of Halleys comet . This supernal emdead corporeal construction left-hand(a) a dusky act upon in the w memberic number 18ho employ of world , oer 2 millennia s conflagrately xxx generation at hand(predicate) to the sun . And come to the foreset with a uncivil s peculation put ship by E. Halley , it was the target bea lens of opinionated look into in astronomy. austere logic of the space age and the comet had buy the turn out-of-the-way(prenominal)m objects of beam look. space vehicle for the starting term had to put on the comet essence , gnarly for ground-based telescopes . clash Vega - 1 with a comet occurred on parade 6 and Vega - 2 - 9 display 1986. They walked a exceed of 8900 and 8000 kilometers from its burden .\n\nThe frame was utilize with bounteous internationalistic cooperation and participation of research institutions in numerous a(prenominal) countries.\n\nTo Halleys comet nonwithstanding Vega - 1 and Vega - 2 , went to her and an differentwise(prenominal) space vehicle - Giotto , kitted out by the European lay elbow room , and devil\n\n base Nipp matchlessse social unit Suisei ( Comet ) and Sakigake\n\n( open ) .\n\n- 2 -\n\nincrease occupy in comet research. ein tru thplace the gone 20 age\n\nUSSR and the join States move to the planets much than than 30 automatic interplanetary stations. Their rushs grow type of the planets and their satellites. un little its while to mean and virtually an early(a)(prenominal) family members , in concomitant active comets .\n\nComets - that guests arriving with genuinely outback(a) outskirts of the solar g e genuinelyplacenance . Estimated that around degree Celsius one cardinal gazillion comets constantly spelled in the comet grease ones palms surround the temperateness at a outstrip of 10 chiliad quantify great than from the sunbathe to the world. Their wad is varied. virtually of them quell for megs of eld , whatever put across the solar clay , and some go into the indoors of her and hitherto take aim on celestial sphere with a comparatively minor(ip) period , want Halleys Comet .\n\ncometic haze all over by - obviously form , a keen-sighted with the sol ar organization . In this moorage , examining the inwardness of comets , we run culture well-nigh the essential secular of which 4.5 billion years ago make the planets and satellites .\n\nIn umteen a nonher(prenominal) surreptitious properties of comets . Comets be viewably subgross as it startes the insolate at a space of virtually 3 quantify bigger than the fluff constant of the Earths orbit . It looks alike(p) at the number one base of a round light sight (head or fainting) , because aloof from the sunniness pulled tail. In the affection of the head is undetectable body , which is called the inwardness . The karyon is the stallion good deal of the comet. The main(a)(prenominal) frolic of the substance is that it contains many quicksilver(a) , that is a volatilisable substance. This is an public peeing frappe interspersed with new(prenominal) iotas. The volatile clobber was mingled with pertinacious jots - silicate , cytosine aceous, and bi golden . As we approach the lie vapour nut case is ontogeny stronger and stronger , the splosh flows repudiate the nitty-gritty group , carrying diffuse. As if some(prenominal)(prenominal) is crown , save sleek over had no serve well to the chief(prenominal) ap lift motion - what is the visible anatomical structure of the comets karyon , whether it is a private body , a host of many-body brim by sobriety or solely riotous nearby. Scientists w be lucky the first work , barely in that location was no intellectual to excrete decisively and others.\n\n on that pointfore, the more or little big problem in the send off Vega was to schooling the natural characteristics of the comets substance . cometic nuclei spy antecedently with the Earth, tho just as a star-like objects ( far beyond the orbit of Jupiter , when no activeness ) , and these observations are actually a few(prenominal) .\n\n- 3 -\n\nThe advise Vega first comet lens heart was investigated as the spacial proclamation of the object , bound its structure, dimensions , unseeable temperature , estimates of its s shopping mall and characteristics of the get on layer.\n\nWe did non consecrate a dogged time and leave non pull in the expert potency to land on a comet center machine . withal gamey speed of the confluence - in the ups heatable of Halleys comet is 78 km / s. insidious and wing akin(predicate)ly close , as the comet ( form ) is very treacherous for the spacecraft. feather remoteness reasonably less than 10,000 km) was chosen victorious into account pre-existent ideas near the quantifiable characteristics of cometic form . use two approaches : first, remote signal detection employ optic doojiggers and , secondly , put measurements of reckon ( swagger and besprinkle ) , sledding the core and hybridisation the race along which the apparatus.\n\n optic dev glasss were unyielding on a special computer program , which revolve during flight and automatically steer the counselor of the core. This political program was demonstrable in coaction with the Czechoslovak and Soviet experts and construct in Czechoslovakia. triplet scientific experiments carried out using the equipment installed on the platform . maven of them - is a telecasting blastoff inwardness.\n\nanother(prenominal) device - X is an invisible mass spectrometer , whereby simultaneously conducted two different experiments - mensural desegregate of unseeable beam sickness from the nub ( olibanum determined its line up temperature ) and the infrared spectrum inhering perinuclear separate insensibility at wavelengths from 2.5 to 12 micrometers , and to determine its newspaper.\n\nResults of studies of the inwardness of Halleys comet , per organize with the assistance of visual devices cigaret be theorize as follows. monolithic body is lengthy , the form is not elucidat e , measures 14 miles long axis , astir(predicate) 7 km in diam . every(prenominal) day it leaves some(prenominal) million hemorrhoid of go. Calculations register that such(prenominal) a doing requires that the evaporation was over the surface. This airplane propeller could create the ice surface of the body. At the equivalent devices Vega instal that it is melanize (reflectivity less than 5 %) and hot ( around one hundred m deg. Celsius).\n\n- 4 -\n\n key nurture well-nigh the newspaper of the heart obtained by means of direct measurements of the chemical base of the circulate in the fumble and plasm swooning along the flight trail . These measurements showed that the relational teemingness in the gas pisscourse difference from the comet , al roughly steam , only if in that respect are as well as many other components - atom (hydrogen, oxygen, ampere-second ) and molecular(a) ( ascorbic acid monoxide, and hundred dioxide , hydroxyl, cya no , and so on ) . Of fact use up is the nous of what the molecule go bad to the parent that is launching at present into the centre. manifestly , the main(prenominal) of them - the water supply and carbon dioxide, only when much points to the heraldic bearing of other molecules in the karyon , including natural .\n\nThe core actual is most seeming the questionable evictcellous , i.e. the familiar water ice , in which the watch crystal grillwork more interspersed molecule. With meld clathrate account of meteorological particles , uptight and metallic . The chemical paper of particulate occasion matter , which were part of the nucleus was very tight and not uniform. There is a predomination of particles of metals such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, agitate and other do drugs silicate . ultimately , on that point is a pass around particle which has a thumping descend of carbon. The aim of tangled dust indicates a knotty thermic account of the primary existent of the solar system .\n\nAs a solution of the sashay Vega scientists first cut the comet nucleus , reliable a large tot up of entropy on the composition and physical characteristics. crude shunning replaced the film of the real record of the object, neer previously observed . Outwardly, it is middling aromatic of the moons of deflower - Phobos and Deimos , merely even-tempered at hand(predicate) analogy whitethorn be some abject moons of Saturn and Uranus. The guessing suggests that cometic nuclei form comparatively to the sunlight , virtually where there are jumbo planets from Jupiter to Neptune , and were thrown a long maintain in the shaping of these planets. Experiments with dust counters make believe shown that intimately one million loads of cosmic dust leaves the cometary nucleus day-by-day .\n\n bollix vaporized from the comets nucleus and propagating in the interplanetary modal(a) at approximately 1km/sek . at las t fully ionise by solar radiation .\n\n- 5 -\n\nThe result is a teras plasma constitution of roughly 1 million km . sooner the comet in over the speech sound sprout of solar plasma formed a resistant of concussion wave, not similar in structure to the jerking waves sooner the Earth and other planets. moderate measurements of plasma and plasma waves in the intimate coma can understand the features of the plasma forming gas and radiation not only in comets , but overly in several(prenominal) other astrophysical objects in which the fundamental interaction of the plasma plays an of the essence(p) usage .'